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I O limited program

  • 1 Limited Implementation Program

    Transport: LIP

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Limited Implementation Program

  • 2 employee referral program

    HR
    a policy, popular in the United States, for encouraging employees, usually through cash incentives, to nominate potential job candidates as part of the recruiting process. Employee referral programs have been developed in an attempt to address the recruitment difficulties experienced by organizations in times of full employment. Although they can be very successful, there is a danger that if a referral program is relied on too heavily, only limited sectors of the potential labor force will be available for recruitment, which might lead to a reduction in the diversity of the workforce.

    The ultimate business dictionary > employee referral program

  • 3 Hawk European Limited Improvement Program

    Military: HELIP

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Hawk European Limited Improvement Program

  • 4 программа, скорость которой ограничена скоростью работы устройств ввода-вывода

    1. I/O limited program

     

    программа, скорость которой ограничена скоростью работы устройств ввода-вывода
    —
    [Е.С.Алексеев, А.А.Мячев. Англо-русский толковый словарь по системотехнике ЭВМ. Москва 1993]

    Тематики

    EN

    • I/O limited program

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > программа, скорость которой ограничена скоростью работы устройств ввода-вывода

  • 5 программа с ограничениями

    Mathematics: i/o limited program

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > программа с ограничениями

  • 6 программа, ограниченная скоростью ввода-вывода

    Information technology: I/O limited program

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > программа, ограниченная скоростью ввода-вывода

  • 7 программа, скорость которой ограничена скоростью устройств ввода-вывода

    Information technology: I/O limited program

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > программа, скорость которой ограничена скоростью устройств ввода-вывода

  • 8 edición

    f.
    1 edition, release, emission, issue.
    2 editing, revision, correction, edit.
    * * *
    1 (ejemplares) edition
    2 (publicación) publication; (de sellos) issue
    3 INFORMÁTICA editing
    \
    edición anotada annotated text
    edición de bolsillo pocket edition
    edición en rústica paperback edition
    edición pirata pirate edition
    primera edición first edition
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=acto) publication, issue; (=industria) publishing; (Inform) editing

    edición electrónica — (=creación) electronic publishing; (=texto) electronic edition

    2) [de libro] edition

    "al cerrar la edición" — (Tip) "stop-press"

    edición económica — cheap edition, popular edition

    edición viva — edition in print, available edition

    3) pl ediciones (=editorial)
    4) (=celebración)
    * * *
    1) (Impr, Period) ( tirada) edition; ( acción) publication
    2) (Rad, TV) program*, edition
    3) (frml) (de certamen, curso)
    * * *
    = edition, issue, publishing, release, issuance.
    Ex. An edition is all those copies of an item either produced from substantially the same type image or embodying essentially the same content and issued by the same entity.
    Ex. An issue is all those copies of an edition forming a distinct group that is distinguished from other copies of the edition by more or less slight but well-defined variations.
    Ex. It embodied programmes in secretarial studies, publishing, office management and graphic design.
    Ex. New releases of existing products should often be considered to be unproven.
    Ex. The date of publication must be inferred from the date of issuance or coverage on a periodical.
    ----
    * 1ª Edición de las Reglas de Catalogación Anglo-Americanas (RCAA1) = AACR1 (Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules 1st Edition).
    * 2ª Edición de las Reglas de Catalogación Anglo-Americanas (RCAA2) = AACR2 (Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules 2nd Edition).
    * área de edición = edition area.
    * edición abreviada = abridged edition.
    * edición aldina = Aldine edition.
    * edición ampliada = extended edition.
    * edición barata = paperback, trade paperback.
    * edición bilingüe = parallel-text edition, parallel edition.
    * edición cara = hardback, hardcover.
    * edición científica = scholarly publishing, academic publishing.
    * edición comercial = trade publishing.
    * edición completa = full edition, back run [backrun].
    * edición conjunta = joint issue.
    * edición corregida = corrected edition.
    * edición crítica = critical edition.
    * edición de autor = self-publishing.
    * edición de coleccionista = collector's edition.
    * edición de libros = book publishing.
    * edición de lujo = de luxe edition, luxury edition.
    * edición de obras científicas = scholarly publishing.
    * edición de obras de consumo = consumer publishing.
    * edición de publicaciones a medida = custom publishing, derivative publishing.
    * edición de publicaciones periódicas = serials publishing.
    * edición de revistas electrónicas = electronic journal publishing.
    * edición de tiradas cortas = short run publishing.
    * edición diamante = miniature edition.
    * edición electrónica = electronic publishing (e-publishing).
    * edición en cartoné = hardback, hardcover.
    * edición en cubierta dura = hardback, hardcover.
    * edición en disco compacto = cd edition, compact disc edition.
    * edición en Internet = Web publishing.
    * edición en línea = online editing.
    * edición en microforma = microform edition, microformat edition.
    * edición en papel coloreado = coloured-paper issue.
    * edición en rústica = paperback, paperbound publishing, trade paperback.
    * edición en tapa = hardback, hardbound, hardcover.
    * edición en tapas duras = hardback, hardcover.
    * edición en tela = hardcover edition, hardcover.
    * edición especial = special issue.
    * edición especializada para profesionales = professional publishing.
    * edición facsímil = facsimile reproduction.
    * edición liliputiense = miniature edition.
    * edición limitada = limited edition.
    * edición media = medium edition.
    * edición microscópica = miniature edition.
    * edición miniatura = miniature edition.
    * edición multicolor = rainbow edition.
    * edición óptica = optical publishing.
    * edición original = original edition.
    * edición para bibliotecas = library edition.
    * edición para coleccionistas = collector's edition.
    * edición paralela = parallel-text edition.
    * edición póstuma = posthumous edition.
    * edición preliminar = advance.
    * edición preliminar electrónica = e-print [eprint].
    * edición rara = rare edition.
    * edición revisada = revised edition.
    * edición según la demanda = on-demand publishing.
    * edición web = WWW edition.
    * específico de la edición = edition-specific.
    * específico para cada edición = edition-specific.
    * explosión de la edición, la = publishing explosion, the.
    * fecha de edición = edition date.
    * funciones de edición = editing facilities.
    * industria de la edición = book publishing industry.
    * industria de la edición de libros = book publishing industry.
    * industria de la edición impresa = print industry.
    * industria de la edición, la = publishing industry, the.
    * mención de edición = edition statement, statement of edition.
    * mención de responsabilidad de la edición = imprint.
    * microedición = micropublishing.
    * nota de edición = edition note.
    * nueva edición = new edition.
    * paquete de edición de texto = editing package.
    * pliego de la edición = edition sheet.
    * programa de edición de texto = editor.
    * reedición = republication [re-publication].
    * sector de la edición, el = publishing sector, the.
    * segunda edición = 2nd edition, second edition.
    * * *
    1) (Impr, Period) ( tirada) edition; ( acción) publication
    2) (Rad, TV) program*, edition
    3) (frml) (de certamen, curso)
    * * *
    = edition, issue, publishing, release, issuance.

    Ex: An edition is all those copies of an item either produced from substantially the same type image or embodying essentially the same content and issued by the same entity.

    Ex: An issue is all those copies of an edition forming a distinct group that is distinguished from other copies of the edition by more or less slight but well-defined variations.
    Ex: It embodied programmes in secretarial studies, publishing, office management and graphic design.
    Ex: New releases of existing products should often be considered to be unproven.
    Ex: The date of publication must be inferred from the date of issuance or coverage on a periodical.
    * 1ª Edición de las Reglas de Catalogación Anglo-Americanas (RCAA1) = AACR1 (Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules 1st Edition).
    * 2ª Edición de las Reglas de Catalogación Anglo-Americanas (RCAA2) = AACR2 (Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules 2nd Edition).
    * área de edición = edition area.
    * edición abreviada = abridged edition.
    * edición aldina = Aldine edition.
    * edición ampliada = extended edition.
    * edición barata = paperback, trade paperback.
    * edición bilingüe = parallel-text edition, parallel edition.
    * edición cara = hardback, hardcover.
    * edición científica = scholarly publishing, academic publishing.
    * edición comercial = trade publishing.
    * edición completa = full edition, back run [backrun].
    * edición conjunta = joint issue.
    * edición corregida = corrected edition.
    * edición crítica = critical edition.
    * edición de autor = self-publishing.
    * edición de coleccionista = collector's edition.
    * edición de libros = book publishing.
    * edición de lujo = de luxe edition, luxury edition.
    * edición de obras científicas = scholarly publishing.
    * edición de obras de consumo = consumer publishing.
    * edición de publicaciones a medida = custom publishing, derivative publishing.
    * edición de publicaciones periódicas = serials publishing.
    * edición de revistas electrónicas = electronic journal publishing.
    * edición de tiradas cortas = short run publishing.
    * edición diamante = miniature edition.
    * edición electrónica = electronic publishing (e-publishing).
    * edición en cartoné = hardback, hardcover.
    * edición en cubierta dura = hardback, hardcover.
    * edición en disco compacto = cd edition, compact disc edition.
    * edición en Internet = Web publishing.
    * edición en línea = online editing.
    * edición en microforma = microform edition, microformat edition.
    * edición en papel coloreado = coloured-paper issue.
    * edición en rústica = paperback, paperbound publishing, trade paperback.
    * edición en tapa = hardback, hardbound, hardcover.
    * edición en tapas duras = hardback, hardcover.
    * edición en tela = hardcover edition, hardcover.
    * edición especial = special issue.
    * edición especializada para profesionales = professional publishing.
    * edición facsímil = facsimile reproduction.
    * edición liliputiense = miniature edition.
    * edición limitada = limited edition.
    * edición media = medium edition.
    * edición microscópica = miniature edition.
    * edición miniatura = miniature edition.
    * edición multicolor = rainbow edition.
    * edición óptica = optical publishing.
    * edición original = original edition.
    * edición para bibliotecas = library edition.
    * edición para coleccionistas = collector's edition.
    * edición paralela = parallel-text edition.
    * edición póstuma = posthumous edition.
    * edición preliminar = advance.
    * edición preliminar electrónica = e-print [eprint].
    * edición rara = rare edition.
    * edición revisada = revised edition.
    * edición según la demanda = on-demand publishing.
    * edición web = WWW edition.
    * específico de la edición = edition-specific.
    * específico para cada edición = edition-specific.
    * explosión de la edición, la = publishing explosion, the.
    * fecha de edición = edition date.
    * funciones de edición = editing facilities.
    * industria de la edición = book publishing industry.
    * industria de la edición de libros = book publishing industry.
    * industria de la edición impresa = print industry.
    * industria de la edición, la = publishing industry, the.
    * mención de edición = edition statement, statement of edition.
    * mención de responsabilidad de la edición = imprint.
    * microedición = micropublishing.
    * nota de edición = edition note.
    * nueva edición = new edition.
    * paquete de edición de texto = editing package.
    * pliego de la edición = edition sheet.
    * programa de edición de texto = editor.
    * reedición = republication [re-publication].
    * sector de la edición, el = publishing sector, the.
    * segunda edición = 2nd edition, second edition.

    * * *
    A ( Impr, Period) (tirada) edition; (acción) publication
    acaba de salir una nueva edición a new edition has just been published
    preparó la edición de las obras completas de Anadón she edited Anadón's complete works
    Ediciones Rivera Rivera Publications
    al cerrar la edición nos llegó la noticia del incendio the news of the fire arrived as we were going to press
    Compuestos:
    annotated edition
    pocket edition
    desktop publishing
    print edition
    limited edition
    limited edition
    first edition
    B ( Rad, TV) program*, edition
    C ( frml)
    (de un certamen, curso): la presente edición del festival de San Sebastián this year's San Sebastián festival
    la cuarta edición del Trofeo Carranza the fourth Carranza Trophy
    la tercera edición de estos cursos de formación the third series o round of these training courses
    * * *

    edición sustantivo femenino
    1 (Impr, Period) ( tirada) edition;
    ( acción) publication;

    Ediciones Rivera Rivera Publications
    2 (Rad, TV) program( conjugate program), edition
    edición sustantivo femenino
    1 (de un libro, cartel) publication: es una nueva edición de su primera novela, it's a new edition of her first novel
    (de sellos) issue
    2 (ejemplares) edition
    edición agotada, edition sold out
    una edición de mil ejemplares, a run of one thousand copies
    3 (de un torneo, festival, etc) participará en la próxima edición de los Juegos Olímpicos, she will compete in the next Olympic Games
    ' edición' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ed.
    - editor
    - editora
    - escolio
    - extraordinaria
    - extraordinario
    - facsímil
    - ir
    - impresión
    - secuestrar
    - secuestro
    - tapa
    - agotado
    - agotar
    - extra
    - limitado
    - moderno
    - revisar
    - rústica
    English:
    bowdlerize
    - edition
    - extra
    - hardback
    - impression
    - paperback
    - printing
    - special
    - abridge
    - desktop
    - revision
    * * *
    1. [acción de publicar] publication;
    Ediciones Herrero Herrero Publications;
    edición (a cargo) de Jorge Urrutia [en libro] edited by Jorge Urrutia
    la edición electrónica electronic publishing
    2. [ejemplares publicados] edition;
    una edición de dos mil ejemplares an edition of two thousand copies;
    nueva edición revisada y ampliada new edition revised and enlarged
    edición abreviada abridged edition;
    edición anotada annotated edition;
    edición de bolsillo pocket edition;
    edición crítica critical edition;
    edición electrónica electronic edition;
    edición extraordinaria special edition;
    edición facsímil facsimile edition;
    edición limitada limited edition;
    edición de lujo deluxe edition;
    edición pirata pirate edition;
    edición príncipe first edition
    3. Informát editing
    4. [de programa]
    la primera/segunda edición del telediario ≈ the first/second news bulletin
    5. [celebración periódica]
    la edición de los Oscars/del Mundial de 2002 the 2002 Oscars/World Cup;
    los cursos de verano cumplen su vigésima edición the summer courses are now in their twentieth year
    * * *
    f edition
    * * *
    edición nf, pl - ciones
    1) : edition
    2) : publication, publishing
    * * *
    1. (en general) edition
    2. (publicación) publication
    3. (concurso, festival, etc)

    Spanish-English dictionary > edición

  • 9 ограниченная программа шнекового бурения

    Gold mining: a limited auger program, (дополнительная) limited auger program, (дополнительная) limited augercore program

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > ограниченная программа шнекового бурения

  • 10 evidente

    adj.
    1 evident, obvious.
    2 sincere, plain, obvious, frank.
    * * *
    1 evident, obvious
    * * *
    adj.
    evident, obvious
    * * *
    ADJ obvious, clear, evident

    ¡evidente! — naturally!, obviously!

    * * *
    adjetivo obvious, clear
    * * *
    = apparent, evident, notable, noticeable, plain [plainer -comp., plainest -sup.], perceptible, axiomatic, glaring, flagrant, visible, manifest, patent.
    Ex. Menu-based information retrieval system have found favour because of their apparent simplicity.
    Ex. Complete agreement had not been possible, but the numbers of rules where divergent practices were evident is limited.
    Ex. There are notable differences in practice between the United States and the United Kingdom.
    Ex. The most noticeable effect the advent of Islam had on Arab names was not so much on structure as on choice.
    Ex. To reiterate, there are two main categories of relationship: the syntactic relationships referred to in the last paragraph and plain, for example, in a topic such as 'sugar and health'.
    Ex. The library was found to have inadequate lighting for the partially sighted and a lack of a fire warning perceptible to the deaf.
    Ex. It is axiomatic that backup copies of software are made and stored safely, so that, should anything happen to the cassette or disk, the program is not lost.
    Ex. The lack of storage and display space, a glaring deficiency in seating capacity and physical limitations of the building all meant that the library was not adequately serving its patrons.
    Ex. In the past teachers and lecturers have been the most flagrant violators of the author's copyright.
    Ex. Since a software package is to be sold it must be visible on the marketplace.
    Ex. A close knowledge of the institution is also needed to distinguish between professed objectives, the official and manifest ones which appear in organizational preambles, and the practiced ones which are often latent in the operating program.
    Ex. It was patent that they could not compete on equal terms with the economic and social forces of a complex civilization.
    ----
    * es evidente = clearly.
    * evidente en = in evidence in.
    * evidente por sí mismo = self-evident.
    * hacerse evidente = become + apparent, come through.
    * poco evidente = unnoted.
    * prueba evidente = living proof.
    * * *
    adjetivo obvious, clear
    * * *
    = apparent, evident, notable, noticeable, plain [plainer -comp., plainest -sup.], perceptible, axiomatic, glaring, flagrant, visible, manifest, patent.

    Ex: Menu-based information retrieval system have found favour because of their apparent simplicity.

    Ex: Complete agreement had not been possible, but the numbers of rules where divergent practices were evident is limited.
    Ex: There are notable differences in practice between the United States and the United Kingdom.
    Ex: The most noticeable effect the advent of Islam had on Arab names was not so much on structure as on choice.
    Ex: To reiterate, there are two main categories of relationship: the syntactic relationships referred to in the last paragraph and plain, for example, in a topic such as 'sugar and health'.
    Ex: The library was found to have inadequate lighting for the partially sighted and a lack of a fire warning perceptible to the deaf.
    Ex: It is axiomatic that backup copies of software are made and stored safely, so that, should anything happen to the cassette or disk, the program is not lost.
    Ex: The lack of storage and display space, a glaring deficiency in seating capacity and physical limitations of the building all meant that the library was not adequately serving its patrons.
    Ex: In the past teachers and lecturers have been the most flagrant violators of the author's copyright.
    Ex: Since a software package is to be sold it must be visible on the marketplace.
    Ex: A close knowledge of the institution is also needed to distinguish between professed objectives, the official and manifest ones which appear in organizational preambles, and the practiced ones which are often latent in the operating program.
    Ex: It was patent that they could not compete on equal terms with the economic and social forces of a complex civilization.
    * es evidente = clearly.
    * evidente en = in evidence in.
    * evidente por sí mismo = self-evident.
    * hacerse evidente = become + apparent, come through.
    * poco evidente = unnoted.
    * prueba evidente = living proof.

    * * *
    obvious, clear
    resulta evidente que no tienen intención de aceptar la propuesta it is obvious o clear o ( frml) evident that they do not intend to accept the proposal, they clearly o obviously do not intend to accept the proposal
    si es muy caro no lo compres — ¡evidente! if it's very expensive, don't buy it — no, of course I won't o no, obviously!
    * * *

    evidente adjetivo
    obvious, clear
    evidente adjetivo obvious
    ' evidente' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    cantar
    - clara
    - claro
    - demostrar
    - meridiana
    - meridiano
    - notoria
    - notorio
    - patente
    - sensible
    - tres
    - visible
    - manifestar
    - palpable
    - visto
    English:
    apparent
    - blatant
    - conspicuous
    - consternation
    - crime
    - definite
    - dissatisfaction
    - evident
    - glaring
    - obvious
    - patent
    - perfectly
    - plain
    - self-evident
    - clear
    - obviously
    - self
    - visible
    * * *
    evident, obvious;
    es evidente que no les caemos bien it's obvious they don't like us;
    su enfado era evidente she was clearly o visibly angry;
    ¿te gustaría ganar más? – ¡evidente! would you like to earn more? – of course!
    * * *
    adj evident, clear
    * * *
    : evident, obvious, clear
    * * *
    evidente adj obvious

    Spanish-English dictionary > evidente

  • 11 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 12 especial

    adj.
    1 special (adecuado, excepcional).
    hoy es un día especial, celebramos nuestro aniversario today's a special day, we're celebrating our anniversary
    tienen especial interés en conocerte they're especially interested in meeting you
    especial para specially for
    2 peculiar, strange.
    m.
    special (programa).
    un especial informativo a news special
    * * *
    1 (gen) special
    2 (remilgado) fussy ( para, about), finicky ( para, about)
    \
    en especial especially
    especial para... suitable for...
    * * *
    adj.
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) [para un fin concreto] [dieta, permiso] special
    educación 1), enviado
    2) (=extraordinario) special
    3)

    en especial — especially, particularly

    pedimos disculpas a todos, y en especial a... — we apologize to everyone, and especially o particularly to...

    ¿desea ver a alguien en especial? — is there anybody in particular you want to see?

    4) (=quisquilloso) fussy

    ¡qué especial eres con la comida! — you're such a fussy eater!

    5) (=extraño) peculiar
    2. SM
    1) (TV) (tb: programa especial) special
    2) Méx (Teat) show
    3) [para comer] Cono Sur baguette, sub sandwich (EEUU); Chile hot dog
    * * *
    I
    a) ( para uso específico) special

    en especial — especially, particularly

    nada/nadie en especial — nothing/nobody in particular

    b) ( excepcional) special
    c) ( difícil) <persona/carácter> fussy

    qué especial eres para comer! — you're so picky o fussy about your food! (colloq)

    II
    masculino (TV) special (program*)
    * * *
    = ad hoc, one-off, special, specified, gala, particular, with a difference.
    Ex. Begun in 1973, CONSER was conceived by an ad hoc discussion group on Serials Data Bases of American and Canadian librarians.
    Ex. Associated with full-time staffing reductions has been the virtual elimination of part-time teachers and ' one-off' expert lecturers.
    Ex. Some categories of material defy helpful categorisation, and need to be treated as special cases.
    Ex. If access is limited to certain specified times, the term 'off-line' is applied.
    Ex. The 3 elements of the event are: weekday visits; evening sessions; and 'Super Saturday' gala days.
    Ex. It is possible to identify an item uniquely within a particular institution or agency by a running accession number.
    Ex. The article 'Web authoring with a difference' reviews the current authoring tools available for organizations wishing to become involved in the World Wide Web (WWW).
    ----
    * a precio especial = discounted, cut-rate, cut-price.
    * a precios especiales = at preferential rates.
    * a tarifas especiales = at preferential rates.
    * a un precio especial = at a discount.
    * celebrar una ocasión especial = mark + a special occasion.
    * día memorable = red-letter day.
    * efecto especial = special effect.
    * especial apertura = opening special.
    * invitado especial = special guest.
    * merecer mención especial = deserve + special mention.
    * niño con necesidades especiales = special needs child.
    * oferta especial = special offer.
    * precio especial = discounted price, discount price, preferential rate.
    * precio especial por compra al por mayor = bulk deal.
    * prestar especial atención = focus.
    * ser de un valor especial = be of particular value.
    * servicio especial de autobuses = bus shuttle service, bus shuttle, shuttle bus service, shuttle bus.
    * servicio especial de transporte = shuttle service, shuttle.
    * sin condiciones especiales = with no strings attached.
    * tarifa especial = preferential rate.
    * tarifa especial por inscripción anticipada = early-bird registration fee.
    * tecnología adaptada a usuarios con necesidades especiales = assistive technology.
    * tener un valor especial = be of particular value.
    * trato especial = special treatment.
    * * *
    I
    a) ( para uso específico) special

    en especial — especially, particularly

    nada/nadie en especial — nothing/nobody in particular

    b) ( excepcional) special
    c) ( difícil) <persona/carácter> fussy

    qué especial eres para comer! — you're so picky o fussy about your food! (colloq)

    II
    masculino (TV) special (program*)
    * * *
    = ad hoc, one-off, special, specified, gala, particular, with a difference.

    Ex: Begun in 1973, CONSER was conceived by an ad hoc discussion group on Serials Data Bases of American and Canadian librarians.

    Ex: Associated with full-time staffing reductions has been the virtual elimination of part-time teachers and ' one-off' expert lecturers.
    Ex: Some categories of material defy helpful categorisation, and need to be treated as special cases.
    Ex: If access is limited to certain specified times, the term 'off-line' is applied.
    Ex: The 3 elements of the event are: weekday visits; evening sessions; and 'Super Saturday' gala days.
    Ex: It is possible to identify an item uniquely within a particular institution or agency by a running accession number.
    Ex: The article 'Web authoring with a difference' reviews the current authoring tools available for organizations wishing to become involved in the World Wide Web (WWW).
    * a precio especial = discounted, cut-rate, cut-price.
    * a precios especiales = at preferential rates.
    * a tarifas especiales = at preferential rates.
    * a un precio especial = at a discount.
    * celebrar una ocasión especial = mark + a special occasion.
    * día memorable = red-letter day.
    * efecto especial = special effect.
    * especial apertura = opening special.
    * invitado especial = special guest.
    * merecer mención especial = deserve + special mention.
    * niño con necesidades especiales = special needs child.
    * oferta especial = special offer.
    * precio especial = discounted price, discount price, preferential rate.
    * precio especial por compra al por mayor = bulk deal.
    * prestar especial atención = focus.
    * ser de un valor especial = be of particular value.
    * servicio especial de autobuses = bus shuttle service, bus shuttle, shuttle bus service, shuttle bus.
    * servicio especial de transporte = shuttle service, shuttle.
    * sin condiciones especiales = with no strings attached.
    * tarifa especial = preferential rate.
    * tarifa especial por inscripción anticipada = early-bird registration fee.
    * tecnología adaptada a usuarios con necesidades especiales = assistive technology.
    * tener un valor especial = be of particular value.
    * trato especial = special treatment.

    * * *
    una dieta especial para diabéticos a special diet for diabetics
    en especial especially
    todas sus hijas son muy guapas, la mayor en especial all his daughters are very pretty, especially o particularly the eldest
    ¿quería hablar con alguien en especial? did you want to speak to anyone in particular?
    2 (excepcional) special
    hoy es un día muy especial para mí today is a very special day for me
    un vestido para ocasiones especiales a dress for special occasions
    3 (difícil) ‹persona/carácter› fussy
    son muy especiales, nada les viene bien they're very difficult (to please) o very fussy, nothing's ever quite right for them
    ¡qué especial eres para comer! you're so picky o fussy about your food! ( colloq)
    A (TV) special, special program*
    especial informativo/deportivo news/sports special
    B ( RPl)
    1 (sandwich) submarine ( AmE), baguette ( BrE)
    un especial de jamón y queso a ham and cheese baguette, a ham and cheese sandwich on French bread
    2 ( Chi) (perro caliente) hot dog
    * * *

     

    Multiple Entries:
    algo especial    
    especial
    especial adjetivo


    nadie en especial nobody in particular;
    un día muy especial para mí a very special day for me
    b) ( difícil) ‹persona/carácter› fussy

    especial adjetivo special
    ♦ Locuciones: en especial, especially
    ' especial' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    dotada
    - dotado
    - enviado
    - GEO
    - química
    - ver
    - común
    - interés
    - investigación
    - ordinario
    - particular
    - preferente
    English:
    bodybuilding
    - bonus
    - craft
    - envoy
    - extra
    - grand
    - greasy
    - grown-up
    - merit
    - particular
    - section
    - special
    - task force
    - treatment
    - ad hoc
    - cameo
    - certain
    - distinction
    - star
    - treasure
    - trial
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    1. [adecuado] special;
    especial para especially for;
    lejía especial para lavadoras bleach especially for washing machines;
    una oferta especial para nuestros clientes a special offer for our customers
    2. [particular, excepcional] special;
    hoy es un día especial, celebramos nuestro aniversario today's a special day, we're celebrating our anniversary;
    tienen especial interés en conocerte they're especially interested in meeting you;
    recibe un trato especial por ser discapacitado he receives special treatment because he is disabled
    3. [peculiar] peculiar, strange;
    esa forma tan especial que tiene de mirar that peculiar o strange way he has of looking at you
    4. [quisquilloso] fussy;
    es muy especial con la comida he's very fussy about his food, he's a very fussy eater
    ♦ nm
    1. [programa] special;
    un especial informativo a news special
    2. Chile [perrito caliente] = hot dog with mayonnaise
    3. RP [sándwich] Br baguette, US sub;
    un especial de pavita Br a turkey baguette, US a turkey sub
    ♦ en especial loc adv
    especially, particularly;
    me gusta la pasta, en especial los macarrones I like pasta, especially macaroni;
    ¿alguno en especial? any one in particular?
    * * *
    adj
    1 special;
    en especial especially;
    nada en especial nothing special
    2 ( difícil) fussy
    * * *
    especial adj & nm
    : special
    * * *
    1. (en general) special
    2. (quisquilloso) fussy [comp. fussier; superl. fussiest]

    Spanish-English dictionary > especial

  • 13 ограниченная (дополнительная) программа шнекового бурения

    Gold mining: limited auger program, limited augercore program

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > ограниченная (дополнительная) программа шнекового бурения

  • 14 adquisición

    f.
    acquisition, buy, purchase, acquirement.
    * * *
    1 acquisition (compra) buy, purchase
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=compra) acquisition, purchase
    oferta
    2) (=artículo comprado) acquisition
    3) (=persona) acquisition

    la cocinera ha sido una auténtica adquisición — * the cook is a real find *

    4) [de conocimientos, datos] acquisition
    5) [de costumbres] adoption
    * * *
    a) (objeto, cosa) acquisition
    b) ( acción) acquisition
    * * *
    = accession, acquisition, acquisition, procurement, purchase, elicitation, buy-in, getting.
    Ex. Subject to local circumstances, the size of a reserve store should be limited to the accommodation required for about five years' accessions at current rates.
    Ex. Almost inevitably then, many libraries will have acquisitions for which records are not available in a centralised cataloguing service.
    Ex. Mergers and acquisitions are playing an increasing important part in corporate strategies, stimulated by the scramble for market position in the new Europe.
    Ex. In 1983 the EC funded contracts which entailed the procurement of goods and services amounting to 400 million pounds.
    Ex. These details are primarily useful as a record of expenditure or to organisations or individuals contemplating the purchase of a work.
    Ex. Procedures of knowledge elicitation are described.
    Ex. The seminar will deal with the processes of developing and ensuring corporate buy-in to a digital preservation policy.
    Ex. I am an associate director for collections development, and my responsibilities relate to the getting and keeping of collections = Soy subdirector encargado del desarrollo de la colección y mis responsabilidades están relaconadas con la adquisición y mantenimiento de las colecciones.
    ----
    * adquisición cooperativa = cooperative acquisition.
    * adquisición de libros = book supply, book purchasing.
    * adquisición en línea = online acquisition.
    * adquisición gratuita = free acquisition.
    * adquisición pendiente de examen y aceptación = on approval acquisition, sending on approbation, sending on approval.
    * adquisición por compra o intercambio = non-gratuitous acquisition.
    * adquisición por legado = bequest acquisition.
    * adquisición por ordenador = computerised acquisition.
    * área del número normalizado y de las condiciones de adquisición = International Standard Book Number and terms of availability area, standard number and terms of availability area.
    * Asociación Nacional para Adquisiciones (NAG) = National Acquisitions Group (NAG).
    * basado en la adquisición de contenidos teóricos = content based.
    * bibliotecario encargado de las adquisiciones = acquisitions librarian.
    * centro de adquisiciones = acquisition centre.
    * condiciones de adquisición = obtainability conditions.
    * condiciones de adquisición y = terms of availability and/or price.
    * control de adquisiciones = acquisition control.
    * departamento de adquisiciones = acquisitions department.
    * fichero de adquisiciones = acquisition(s) file.
    * lista de nuevas adquisiciones = acquisitions list.
    * lista de últimas adquisiciones = accessions list, list of current acquisitions, addition list.
    * módulo de adquisiciones = acquisitions system, acquisitions module.
    * Módulo de Adquisiciones y Pedidos = Acquisitions and Ordering System.
    * número de adquisiciones = acquisition rate.
    * plan de adquisición de material a vista = approval plan.
    * plan de adquisiciones = acquisitions plan.
    * política de adquisiciones = acquisition policy [acquisitions policy], collection development [collections development], selection policy, collection policy.
    * presupuesto de adquisiciones = acquisitions budget.
    * presupuesto para adquisición de material = capital budget.
    * Programa Nacional para las Adquisiciones y la Catalogación (NPAC) = National Program for Acquisitions and Cataloging (NPAC).
    * sección de adquisiciones = acquisitions department, order department.
    * servicio de adquisiciones = acquisition routines, acquisition(s) service.
    * * *
    a) (objeto, cosa) acquisition
    b) ( acción) acquisition
    * * *
    = accession, acquisition, acquisition, procurement, purchase, elicitation, buy-in, getting.

    Ex: Subject to local circumstances, the size of a reserve store should be limited to the accommodation required for about five years' accessions at current rates.

    Ex: Almost inevitably then, many libraries will have acquisitions for which records are not available in a centralised cataloguing service.
    Ex: Mergers and acquisitions are playing an increasing important part in corporate strategies, stimulated by the scramble for market position in the new Europe.
    Ex: In 1983 the EC funded contracts which entailed the procurement of goods and services amounting to 400 million pounds.
    Ex: These details are primarily useful as a record of expenditure or to organisations or individuals contemplating the purchase of a work.
    Ex: Procedures of knowledge elicitation are described.
    Ex: The seminar will deal with the processes of developing and ensuring corporate buy-in to a digital preservation policy.
    Ex: I am an associate director for collections development, and my responsibilities relate to the getting and keeping of collections = Soy subdirector encargado del desarrollo de la colección y mis responsabilidades están relaconadas con la adquisición y mantenimiento de las colecciones.
    * adquisición cooperativa = cooperative acquisition.
    * adquisición de libros = book supply, book purchasing.
    * adquisición en línea = online acquisition.
    * adquisición gratuita = free acquisition.
    * adquisición pendiente de examen y aceptación = on approval acquisition, sending on approbation, sending on approval.
    * adquisición por compra o intercambio = non-gratuitous acquisition.
    * adquisición por legado = bequest acquisition.
    * adquisición por ordenador = computerised acquisition.
    * área del número normalizado y de las condiciones de adquisición = International Standard Book Number and terms of availability area, standard number and terms of availability area.
    * Asociación Nacional para Adquisiciones (NAG) = National Acquisitions Group (NAG).
    * basado en la adquisición de contenidos teóricos = content based.
    * bibliotecario encargado de las adquisiciones = acquisitions librarian.
    * centro de adquisiciones = acquisition centre.
    * condiciones de adquisición = obtainability conditions.
    * condiciones de adquisición y = terms of availability and/or price.
    * control de adquisiciones = acquisition control.
    * departamento de adquisiciones = acquisitions department.
    * fichero de adquisiciones = acquisition(s) file.
    * lista de nuevas adquisiciones = acquisitions list.
    * lista de últimas adquisiciones = accessions list, list of current acquisitions, addition list.
    * módulo de adquisiciones = acquisitions system, acquisitions module.
    * Módulo de Adquisiciones y Pedidos = Acquisitions and Ordering System.
    * número de adquisiciones = acquisition rate.
    * plan de adquisición de material a vista = approval plan.
    * plan de adquisiciones = acquisitions plan.
    * política de adquisiciones = acquisition policy [acquisitions policy], collection development [collections development], selection policy, collection policy.
    * presupuesto de adquisiciones = acquisitions budget.
    * presupuesto para adquisición de material = capital budget.
    * Programa Nacional para las Adquisiciones y la Catalogación (NPAC) = National Program for Acquisitions and Cataloging (NPAC).
    * sección de adquisiciones = acquisitions department, order department.
    * servicio de adquisiciones = acquisition routines, acquisition(s) service.

    * * *
    1 (objeto, cosa) acquisition
    ¿has visto mi última adquisición? have you seen my latest acquisition o purchase?
    la última adquisición de los Lakers ( Dep) the Lakers' latest acquisition
    2
    (acción): la adquisición de la casa the purchase of the house
    la adquisición de la lengua materna acquisition of the mother tongue
    el Picasso es de reciente adquisición the Picasso is a recent acquisition o purchase
    Compuesto:
    leveraged buyout
    * * *

     

    adquisición sustantivo femenino
    acquisition;
    ( compra) purchase
    adquisición sustantivo femenino
    1 acquisition
    2 (compra) buy, purchase
    ' adquisición' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    OPA
    English:
    acquisition
    - takeover bid
    - accession
    - purchase
    - take
    * * *
    1. [compra] purchase;
    ayudas para la adquisición de viviendas financial assistance for house buyers
    2. [de empresa] takeover
    3. [cosa comprada] purchase;
    nuestra casa fue una excelente adquisición our house was an excellent buy
    4. [de hábito, cultura] acquisition;
    adquisición de conocimientos acquisition of knowledge
    Ling adquisición lingüística language acquisition
    5. Fam [persona]
    el nuevo secretario es toda una adquisición the new secretary is quite a find
    * * *
    f acquisition;
    hacer una buena adquisición make a good purchase;
    gastos de adquisición acquisition costs;
    adquisición de clientes client acquisition
    * * *
    1) : acquisition
    2) compra: purchase

    Spanish-English dictionary > adquisición

  • 15 copiar

    v.
    1 to copy (gen) & (computing).
    Ricardo copia los cuadernos Richard copies the text books.
    Ricardo copió durante la prueba Richard cheated during the exam.
    copió lo que yo iba diciendo he took down what I was saying
    2 to cheat, to copy.
    3 to imitate, to follow, to copy, to emulate.
    Anita copia a su madre Little Mary imitates her mother.
    4 to copy to disk, to copy, to copy to the hard disk, to copy to the hard drive.
    Ricardo copió sus archivos Richard copied his files to disk.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to copy
    2 EDUCACIÓN to cheat, copy
    3 (escribir) to take down
    \
    copiar al pie de la letra to copy word for word
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=reproducir) to copy (de from)
    [+ estilo] to imitate
    2) [+ dictado] to take down

    copiar por las dos caras — (Téc) to make a double-sided copy

    2.
    VI [en un examen] to cheat
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <cuadro/dibujo/texto> to copy
    b) ( escribir al dictado) to take down
    2)
    a) ( imitar) to copy
    b) <respuesta/examen> to copy
    2.
    copiar vi to copy
    * * *
    = copy down, load into, parallel, transcribe, transfer, translate, mimic, copy, pull down, shadow, pull off, take + a clue from, take + a lead from.
    Ex. Then, consulting his notes again, he said that the only other thing he had copied down was the name of Rosemary Stewart.
    Ex. Multiple copies of the catalogue or index in the conventional sense are not required, but the data base can be copied and loaded into various computer systems.
    Ex. It directly or indirectly incorporated or paralleled several prevailing objectives and concepts of the communication and behavioral sciences and other contributory disciplines.
    Ex. With a limited number of exceptions the title proper is transcribed exactly as to order, wording and spelling.
    Ex. Scope notes, on the order hand, may be present in a thesaurus but are unlikely to be transferred to an index.
    Ex. The structure outlined in the guidelines is not intended to translate directly into a structure for machine-readable authority records.
    Ex. These variations mimic the changes in air pressure at the microphone.
    Ex. Shareware, public domain software, and demos can legally be copied and distributed.
    Ex. It allows users to access categories of relevant information at the desktop that have been organized and pulled down from appropriate Web sites by the program.
    Ex. This shadowing project encourages children to read the books shortlisted for the Carnegie Medal, to 'shadow' it and decide on their own choice of winner.
    Ex. One of its main advantages is the potential to pull off descriptive entries onto disc to create annotated booklists.
    Ex. Taking a clue from the video-game arcades, the scores of the top 10 players are stored and displayed to later players.
    Ex. Scotland should take a lead from Irish on gun control.
    ----
    * copiar a = upload.
    * copiar de = download.
    * copiar registros = download + records, capture + records.
    * copiarse = cheat (on).
    * copiar tal cual = lift + wholesale and unmodified.
    * copiar un fichero = load + file.
    * copiar y pegar = copy and paste.
    * volver a copiar = recopy.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <cuadro/dibujo/texto> to copy
    b) ( escribir al dictado) to take down
    2)
    a) ( imitar) to copy
    b) <respuesta/examen> to copy
    2.
    copiar vi to copy
    * * *
    = copy down, load into, parallel, transcribe, transfer, translate, mimic, copy, pull down, shadow, pull off, take + a clue from, take + a lead from.

    Ex: Then, consulting his notes again, he said that the only other thing he had copied down was the name of Rosemary Stewart.

    Ex: Multiple copies of the catalogue or index in the conventional sense are not required, but the data base can be copied and loaded into various computer systems.
    Ex: It directly or indirectly incorporated or paralleled several prevailing objectives and concepts of the communication and behavioral sciences and other contributory disciplines.
    Ex: With a limited number of exceptions the title proper is transcribed exactly as to order, wording and spelling.
    Ex: Scope notes, on the order hand, may be present in a thesaurus but are unlikely to be transferred to an index.
    Ex: The structure outlined in the guidelines is not intended to translate directly into a structure for machine-readable authority records.
    Ex: These variations mimic the changes in air pressure at the microphone.
    Ex: Shareware, public domain software, and demos can legally be copied and distributed.
    Ex: It allows users to access categories of relevant information at the desktop that have been organized and pulled down from appropriate Web sites by the program.
    Ex: This shadowing project encourages children to read the books shortlisted for the Carnegie Medal, to 'shadow' it and decide on their own choice of winner.
    Ex: One of its main advantages is the potential to pull off descriptive entries onto disc to create annotated booklists.
    Ex: Taking a clue from the video-game arcades, the scores of the top 10 players are stored and displayed to later players.
    Ex: Scotland should take a lead from Irish on gun control.
    * copiar a = upload.
    * copiar de = download.
    * copiar registros = download + records, capture + records.
    * copiarse = cheat (on).
    * copiar tal cual = lift + wholesale and unmodified.
    * copiar un fichero = load + file.
    * copiar y pegar = copy and paste.
    * volver a copiar = recopy.

    * * *
    copiar [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹cuadro/dibujo/texto› to copy
    copió el artículo a máquina he typed out a copy of the article
    2 (escribir el dictado) to take down
    B
    1 (imitar) to copy
    me copiaron la idea/el invento they copied my idea/invention
    le copia todo al hermano he copies o imitates his brother in everything
    2 ‹respuesta› to copy
    lo pillaron copiando el examen he was caught copying in the exam
    ■ copiar
    vi
    to copy
    * * *

    copiar ( conjugate copiar) verbo transitivo
    to copy;

    le copia todo al hermano he copies his brother in everything;
    le copié la respuesta a Ana I copied the answer from Ana
    verbo intransitivo
    to copy
    copiar verbo transitivo
    1 (una persona, máquina) to copy [de, from]
    2 Educ (en un examen) to cheat
    3 (imitar) to imitate

    ' copiar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    dictado
    - chuleta
    - falsificar
    - imitar
    - pie
    English:
    ape
    - cheat
    - copy
    - crib
    - duplicate
    - impersonate
    - mark down
    - write
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [transcribir] to copy;
    copie este texto a máquina type up (a copy of) this text
    2. [anotar] to copy;
    copió lo que yo iba diciendo he took down what I was saying
    3. [imitar] to copy;
    copia siempre todo lo que hago she always copies everything I do
    4. [en examen] to copy;
    copió la respuesta she copied the answer
    5. Informát to copy;
    copiar y pegar algo to copy and paste sth
    ♦ vi
    [en examen] to copy;
    lo expulsaron por copiar he was thrown out of the exam for copying
    * * *
    v/t copy
    * * *
    copiar vt
    : to copy
    * * *
    copiar vb
    1. (en examen) to copy [pt. & pp. copied]
    2. (escribir) to copy out

    Spanish-English dictionary > copiar

  • 16 enfrentarse a

    v.
    to face, to breast, to brave, to confront with.
    * * *
    (v.) = be faced with, come to + grips with, confront, face, face up to, meet, cope with, get to + grips with, clash with, grapple with, wrestle with, get + a grip on, go + head-to-head with, be up against, come up against, run up against, line up against, brave, breast, have + a go at, address, engage in + confrontation with
    Ex. The indexer is faced with the choice of which off the themes of the document to provide access to via an index.
    Ex. Right now the management team is beginning to come to grips with our annual budget process, as it does every year.
    Ex. Resource sharing in libraries may be a way of confronting the impact of rising prices dictated by a few large publishing corporations.
    Ex. Hungary faces far-reaching socio-economic transformation which will inevitably affect libraries as well.
    Ex. Together we need to face up to the challenges of the Information Age.
    Ex. There may be a threat of over-capacity; if so, this could be met by diversification, an enlargement of the SLIS role.
    Ex. This latter period is when the air-conditioning has to work hardest to cope with high outside air temperature and solar gains through the building.
    Ex. The Treasure has made good use of a number of methodologies in getting to grips with the principles and applications of information management.
    Ex. The date of the book fair must be fitted into the school program so that it does not clash with any rival local or national event.
    Ex. Researchers have long grappled with predicting the readability of reading materials for children.
    Ex. Librarians believe they will have to wrestle with limited opportunities for career advancement = Los bibliotecarios piensan que tendrán que hacer frente a oportunidades limitadas para su promoción profesional.
    Ex. The article ' Getting a grip on change' argues that only by confronting the challenges and inevitability of change can libraries retain their relevancy in the information age.
    Ex. We went head-to-head with those that wanted a uniform look for the whole library Website! = Nos enfrentamos a aquellos que querían un aspecto uniforme en el diseño de todo el sitio web de la biblioteca.
    Ex. British exporters have been up against tariff and non-tariff barriers all over the world for a very long time.
    Ex. We have come up against the extreme expense which change brings to an existing catalog.
    Ex. Some of the information from the EEC Government in Brussels is provided off the record, which sometimes runs up against the UK Government's wall of secrecy.
    Ex. The author examines claims by Microsoft's Bill Gates that networked computers have no future, and looks at the opposition lining up against him.
    Ex. The mammoth hunters braved sub-zero temperatures on desolate tundra at least 20000 years earlier than was thought.
    Ex. He has breasted an extraordinary amount of obloquy on behalf of our country's cause.
    Ex. In the 1980s that meant having a go at all the trendy lefties and pacifists, and so our main issues were class politics and violence.
    Ex. The inclusion of vendors and publishers allows everyone to address sticky business relationships head-on.
    Ex. By running away he shows who he is -- a boneless coward who never engaged in direct confrontation with the enemy.
    * * *
    (v.) = be faced with, come to + grips with, confront, face, face up to, meet, cope with, get to + grips with, clash with, grapple with, wrestle with, get + a grip on, go + head-to-head with, be up against, come up against, run up against, line up against, brave, breast, have + a go at, address, engage in + confrontation with

    Ex: The indexer is faced with the choice of which off the themes of the document to provide access to via an index.

    Ex: Right now the management team is beginning to come to grips with our annual budget process, as it does every year.
    Ex: Resource sharing in libraries may be a way of confronting the impact of rising prices dictated by a few large publishing corporations.
    Ex: Hungary faces far-reaching socio-economic transformation which will inevitably affect libraries as well.
    Ex: Together we need to face up to the challenges of the Information Age.
    Ex: There may be a threat of over-capacity; if so, this could be met by diversification, an enlargement of the SLIS role.
    Ex: This latter period is when the air-conditioning has to work hardest to cope with high outside air temperature and solar gains through the building.
    Ex: The Treasure has made good use of a number of methodologies in getting to grips with the principles and applications of information management.
    Ex: The date of the book fair must be fitted into the school program so that it does not clash with any rival local or national event.
    Ex: Researchers have long grappled with predicting the readability of reading materials for children.
    Ex: Librarians believe they will have to wrestle with limited opportunities for career advancement = Los bibliotecarios piensan que tendrán que hacer frente a oportunidades limitadas para su promoción profesional.
    Ex: The article ' Getting a grip on change' argues that only by confronting the challenges and inevitability of change can libraries retain their relevancy in the information age.
    Ex: We went head-to-head with those that wanted a uniform look for the whole library Website! = Nos enfrentamos a aquellos que querían un aspecto uniforme en el diseño de todo el sitio web de la biblioteca.
    Ex: British exporters have been up against tariff and non-tariff barriers all over the world for a very long time.
    Ex: We have come up against the extreme expense which change brings to an existing catalog.
    Ex: Some of the information from the EEC Government in Brussels is provided off the record, which sometimes runs up against the UK Government's wall of secrecy.
    Ex: The author examines claims by Microsoft's Bill Gates that networked computers have no future, and looks at the opposition lining up against him.
    Ex: The mammoth hunters braved sub-zero temperatures on desolate tundra at least 20000 years earlier than was thought.
    Ex: He has breasted an extraordinary amount of obloquy on behalf of our country's cause.
    Ex: In the 1980s that meant having a go at all the trendy lefties and pacifists, and so our main issues were class politics and violence.
    Ex: The inclusion of vendors and publishers allows everyone to address sticky business relationships head-on.
    Ex: By running away he shows who he is -- a boneless coward who never engaged in direct confrontation with the enemy.

    Spanish-English dictionary > enfrentarse a

  • 17 escribir

    v.
    to write.
    hace mucho que no me escribe she hasn't written to me for a long time
    todavía no ha aprendido a escribir he still hasn't learned (how) to write
    escribir a lápiz to write in pencil
    escribir a mano to write by hand
    * * *
    (pp escrito,-a)
    1 (gen) to write
    2 (deletrear) to spell, write
    1 to write
    1 (deletrear) to spell, be spelt
    ■ ¿cómo se escribe? how do you spell it?
    2 (uso recíproco) to write to each other
    \
    escribir a mano to write in longhand, write by hand
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    ( pp escrito)
    1. VT VI
    1) [+ palabra, texto] to write

    el que esto escribe — [gen] the present writer; (Prensa) this correspondent

    2) [en ortografía] to spell

    "voy" se escribe con "v" — "voy" is spelled with a "v"

    ¿cómo se escribe eso? — how is that spelled?, how do you spell that?

    3) [+ cheque] to write out, make out
    4) [+ música] to compose, write
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( anotar) to write
    b) ( ser autor de) <libro/canción/carta> to write
    2.
    escribir vi to write

    nunca le escribe — she never writes him (AmE) o (BrE) writes to him

    3.
    escribirse v pron (recípr)
    * * *
    = put down, set down, spell, tap out, transcribe, type, write, write down, write up, pen, put + pen to paper, set + pen to paper, register in, drop + a line, script, take down.
    Ex. Any individual might engage in different information managament activities aimed at putting down new information through writing, glossing, assembling or extracting, and so forth.
    Ex. Set the components down as an ordered string of symbols, according to the filing value of the role operator.
    Ex. For instance: rhyme is still RIME; gypsy is spelled G-I-P -- most of us are instructed to spell it 'g-y-p'.
    Ex. When the user is building a trail, he names it, inserts the name in his code book, and taps it out on his keyboard.
    Ex. With a limited number of exceptions the title proper is transcribed exactly as to order, wording and spelling.
    Ex. To start Bibliofile just type 'bib' at the DOS prompt as shown below, then press < Enter>.
    Ex. A paraphrase is an interpretation of the concepts featured in a document, written in the language of the writer of the paraphrase.
    Ex. On other occasions, where the search must be specified with a number of interacting concepts and other parameters, it will be necessary to write the concepts down.
    Ex. Statistical research into ILL is valuable but can cause problems unless written up well for a more general audience.
    Ex. His career in composition produced some of the most idiomatic and popular short violin pieces ever penned.
    Ex. Some writers of fiction write because they cannot do otherwise they have an almost uncontrollable urge to put pen to paper or finger to keyboard.
    Ex. Once pen was set to paper, the graphic record superseded the need to retain large amounts of information within human memory.
    Ex. Authors must register in their own name and not a pseudonym or maiden name under which the book may be written.
    Ex. The article 'E-mail: turn on, tune in, drop a line...' gives a brief outline of the commands used on the electronic mail system Data-Mail.
    Ex. The program was designed and scripted using the Apple Macintosh computer with HyperCard software.
    Ex. All technical processes that take place before, during and directly after the flight are taken down automatically by the flight recorder in the cockpit.
    ----
    * arte de escribir = penmanship.
    * arte y técnica de escribir obras de teatro = playwriting.
    * brazo de silla para escribir = writing board arm.
    * capacidad de saber leer y escribir = literacy skills.
    * en el momento de escribir estas líneas = at the time of writing.
    * escribir a mano = handletter.
    * escribir a máquina = type.
    * escribir como negro = ghost, ghosting.
    * escribir con sentido = write + sense.
    * escribir con tiza = chalk.
    * escribir en coautoría = co-author [coauthor].
    * escribir en colaboración = co-write [cowrite].
    * escribir mal = misspell.
    * escribir mucho sobre Algo = a lot + be written about, much + be written about.
    * escribir rápidamente = dash off.
    * escribir un artículo = write + a paper, write + piece.
    * escribir un trabajo = write + essay.
    * forma de escribir = writing style.
    * máquina de escribir = typewriter.
    * máquina de escribir de margarita = daisy-wheel typewriter.
    * máquina de escribir de pelota de golf = golf-ball typewriter.
    * máquina de escribir eléctrica = electric typewriter, electronic typewriter.
    * papel de escribir = writing paper.
    * para escribir con mayúsculas = in a shifted position.
    * posicionado para escribir con mayúsculas = unshifted.
    * saber leer y escribir = be literate.
    * sala de escribir = scriptorium [scriptoria, -pl.].
    * sobreescribir = type over.
    * tecla para escribir en mayúsculas = SHIFT key.
    * volver a escribir = retype [re-type], rewrite [re-write].
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( anotar) to write
    b) ( ser autor de) <libro/canción/carta> to write
    2.
    escribir vi to write

    nunca le escribe — she never writes him (AmE) o (BrE) writes to him

    3.
    escribirse v pron (recípr)
    * * *
    = put down, set down, spell, tap out, transcribe, type, write, write down, write up, pen, put + pen to paper, set + pen to paper, register in, drop + a line, script, take down.

    Ex: Any individual might engage in different information managament activities aimed at putting down new information through writing, glossing, assembling or extracting, and so forth.

    Ex: Set the components down as an ordered string of symbols, according to the filing value of the role operator.
    Ex: For instance: rhyme is still RIME; gypsy is spelled G-I-P -- most of us are instructed to spell it 'g-y-p'.
    Ex: When the user is building a trail, he names it, inserts the name in his code book, and taps it out on his keyboard.
    Ex: With a limited number of exceptions the title proper is transcribed exactly as to order, wording and spelling.
    Ex: To start Bibliofile just type 'bib' at the DOS prompt as shown below, then press < Enter>.
    Ex: A paraphrase is an interpretation of the concepts featured in a document, written in the language of the writer of the paraphrase.
    Ex: On other occasions, where the search must be specified with a number of interacting concepts and other parameters, it will be necessary to write the concepts down.
    Ex: Statistical research into ILL is valuable but can cause problems unless written up well for a more general audience.
    Ex: His career in composition produced some of the most idiomatic and popular short violin pieces ever penned.
    Ex: Some writers of fiction write because they cannot do otherwise they have an almost uncontrollable urge to put pen to paper or finger to keyboard.
    Ex: Once pen was set to paper, the graphic record superseded the need to retain large amounts of information within human memory.
    Ex: Authors must register in their own name and not a pseudonym or maiden name under which the book may be written.
    Ex: The article 'E-mail: turn on, tune in, drop a line...' gives a brief outline of the commands used on the electronic mail system Data-Mail.
    Ex: The program was designed and scripted using the Apple Macintosh computer with HyperCard software.
    Ex: All technical processes that take place before, during and directly after the flight are taken down automatically by the flight recorder in the cockpit.
    * arte de escribir = penmanship.
    * arte y técnica de escribir obras de teatro = playwriting.
    * brazo de silla para escribir = writing board arm.
    * capacidad de saber leer y escribir = literacy skills.
    * en el momento de escribir estas líneas = at the time of writing.
    * escribir a mano = handletter.
    * escribir a máquina = type.
    * escribir como negro = ghost, ghosting.
    * escribir con sentido = write + sense.
    * escribir con tiza = chalk.
    * escribir en coautoría = co-author [coauthor].
    * escribir en colaboración = co-write [cowrite].
    * escribir mal = misspell.
    * escribir mucho sobre Algo = a lot + be written about, much + be written about.
    * escribir rápidamente = dash off.
    * escribir un artículo = write + a paper, write + piece.
    * escribir un trabajo = write + essay.
    * forma de escribir = writing style.
    * máquina de escribir = typewriter.
    * máquina de escribir de margarita = daisy-wheel typewriter.
    * máquina de escribir de pelota de golf = golf-ball typewriter.
    * máquina de escribir eléctrica = electric typewriter, electronic typewriter.
    * papel de escribir = writing paper.
    * para escribir con mayúsculas = in a shifted position.
    * posicionado para escribir con mayúsculas = unshifted.
    * saber leer y escribir = be literate.
    * sala de escribir = scriptorium [scriptoria, -pl.].
    * sobreescribir = type over.
    * tecla para escribir en mayúsculas = SHIFT key.
    * volver a escribir = retype [re-type], rewrite [re-write].

    * * *
    vt
    A
    1 (anotar) to write
    escribe el resultado aquí write the answer here
    escríbelo antes de que se te olvide write it down before you forget it
    lo escribió con tiza en la puerta she chalked it on the door
    había algunos comentarios escritos con lápiz en el margen somebody had penciled in some comments o had written some comments in pencil in the margin
    escribe esta frase cien veces write this sentence out one hundred times
    2 (ser autor de) ‹libro/canción/carta› to write
    esta victoria escribe una nueva página de nuestra historia with this victory a new chapter has been written in our history
    3 (Inf) ‹programa› to write
    B ( pas)
    (deletrear): se escribe como se pronuncia it's written o spelled as it's pronounced
    no sé cómo se escribe su apellido I don't know how you spell his surname
    estas palabras se escriben sin acento these words are written without an accent, these words don't have an accent
    ■ escribir
    vi
    to write
    no sabe leer ni escribir she can't read or write
    mi hermano nunca me escribe my brother never writes me ( AmE) o ( BrE) writes to me
    nos escribimos desde hace años we've been writing to each other o we've been corresponding for years
    escribirse CON algn:
    me escribo con ella we write to each other
    se escribe con un peruano she has a Peruvian penfriend o penpal
    * * *

     

    escribir ( conjugate escribir) verbo transitivo
    1


    b) ( ser autor de) ‹libro/canción/carta› to write

    2 ( ortográficamente) to write;

    no sé cómo se escribe I don't know how you spell it;
    se escribe sin acento it's written without an accent
    verbo intransitivo
    to write;
    ◊ nunca le escribe she never writes him (AmE) o (BrE) writes to him;

    escribir a máquina to type
    escribirse verbo pronominal ( recípr): me escribo con ella we write to each other;
    se escribe con un peruano she has a Peruvian penfriend o penpal
    escribir verbo transitivo to write
    (a máquina, en el ordenador) to type

    ' escribir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    absoluta
    - absoluto
    - anotar
    - apuntar
    - carro
    - cinta
    - de
    - decidirse
    - don
    - escritura
    - gustar
    - letra
    - máquina
    - margarita
    - número
    - pluma
    - tabulador
    - teclado
    - teclear
    - velocidad
    - acentuar
    - comer
    - dictado
    - dorso
    - garabatear
    - maquinilla
    - plumilla
    - poner
    - rodillo
    - tinta
    English:
    antiquated
    - chalk
    - contribute
    - daisywheel
    - formality
    - inspiration
    - intend
    - keep
    - literate
    - make out
    - neatly
    - paint in
    - pen
    - print
    - put
    - quill pen
    - spell
    - toss off
    - type
    - typewriter
    - waffle
    - write
    - write in
    - write out
    - writing
    - can
    - dash
    - get
    - loss
    - review
    - rewrite
    - skill
    - state
    - stencil
    - whichever
    - writer
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [carta, novela, canción] to write;
    le escribí una carta I wrote him a letter, I wrote a letter to him;
    escribió unas notas a lápiz she wrote some notes in pencil;
    escriba las instrucciones en un papel write the instructions on a piece of paper;
    se ha escrito mucho sobre este tema much has been written on this subject;
    ha escrito una página brillante en la historia del ciclismo he has added a glorious page to cycling history
    2. [a persona, institución] to write;
    hace mucho que no me escribe she hasn't written to me for a long time;
    nos han escrito muchos oyentes protestando many listeners have written in complaining;
    ¡escríbenos cuando llegues! write to us when you get there!;
    escribir a casa to write home
    ♦ vi
    to write;
    todavía no ha aprendido a escribir he still hasn't learnt (how) to write;
    escribe muy mal y no se le entiende nada he has terrible handwriting and you can't understand a word of it;
    escribir a lápiz to write in pencil;
    escribir a mano to write by hand;
    ¡no te olvides de escribir! don't forget to write!
    * * *
    <part escrito>
    I v/t
    1 write;
    escribir a mano hand-write, write by hand;
    2 ( deletrear) spell
    II v/i write
    * * *
    escribir {33} v
    1) : to write
    2) : to spell
    * * *
    1. (en general) to write [pt. wrote; pp. written]
    2. (deletrear) to spell [pt. & pp. spelt]
    ¿sabes escribirlo? can you spell it?
    ¿cómo se escribe? how do you spell it?
    3. (pintar) to work / to write [pt. wrote; pp. written]

    Spanish-English dictionary > escribir

  • 18 ineficaz

    adj.
    1 inefficient.
    2 ineffective.
    3 effectless.
    * * *
    1 (incompetente) inefficient
    2 (improductivo) ineffective
    * * *
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) [medida] ineffective
    2) (=inútil) [proceso] inefficient; [gobierno, persona] inefficient, incompetent
    * * *
    a) <remedio/medida> ineffectual, ineffective
    b) <método/sistema/persona> inefficient
    * * *
    = powerless, ineffective, inefficient, ineffectual, non-efficient, lame, toothless.
    Ex. In a world divided by ideology, by trade barriers, by military threats and nuclear fears, we librarians are not powerless.
    Ex. Too often US library professionals have difficulty 'code switching' in order to accommodate the foreign students' needs and resort to familiar but ineffective patterns.
    Ex. Microcomputers are best at single tasks, having limited addressing capability, and are difficult to program except in relatively high level (and inefficient) programming languages.
    Ex. A perusal of book reviews shows that many parental figures fall into one of two categories -- ineffectual or antagonistic.
    Ex. These difficulties are of such a magnitude that the use of law in international situations becomes non-efficient.
    Ex. Democrats are lame, feckless, timid, with no ideas, no vision, no message, and no future.
    Ex. This is what happens when a company does not listen to their customers, you end up with a toothless and ineffective policy.
    ----
    * ser ineficaz = fire + blanks.
    * * *
    a) <remedio/medida> ineffectual, ineffective
    b) <método/sistema/persona> inefficient
    * * *
    = powerless, ineffective, inefficient, ineffectual, non-efficient, lame, toothless.

    Ex: In a world divided by ideology, by trade barriers, by military threats and nuclear fears, we librarians are not powerless.

    Ex: Too often US library professionals have difficulty 'code switching' in order to accommodate the foreign students' needs and resort to familiar but ineffective patterns.
    Ex: Microcomputers are best at single tasks, having limited addressing capability, and are difficult to program except in relatively high level (and inefficient) programming languages.
    Ex: A perusal of book reviews shows that many parental figures fall into one of two categories -- ineffectual or antagonistic.
    Ex: These difficulties are of such a magnitude that the use of law in international situations becomes non-efficient.
    Ex: Democrats are lame, feckless, timid, with no ideas, no vision, no message, and no future.
    Ex: This is what happens when a company does not listen to their customers, you end up with a toothless and ineffective policy.
    * ser ineficaz = fire + blanks.

    * * *
    1 ‹remedio/medida› ineffectual, ineffective
    2 ‹método/sistema› inefficient; ‹persona› inefficient, incompetent
    * * *

    ineficaz adjetivo
    a) ‹remedio/medida› ineffectual, ineffective

    b) ‹método/sistema/persona› inefficient

    ineficaz adjetivo (inefectivo) ineffective
    ' ineficaz' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    vano
    English:
    ineffective
    - inefficient
    - powerless
    * * *
    1. [de bajo rendimiento] inefficient
    2. [de baja efectividad] ineffective
    * * *
    adj inefficient; procedimiento ineffective
    * * *
    ineficaz adj, pl - caces
    1) : inefficient
    2) : ineffective
    * * *
    ineficaz adj inefficient

    Spanish-English dictionary > ineficaz

  • 19 localización de datos

    (n.) = addressing
    Ex. Microcomputers are best at single tasks, having limited addressing capability, and are difficult to program except in relatively high level (and inefficient) programming languages.
    * * *
    (n.) = addressing

    Ex: Microcomputers are best at single tasks, having limited addressing capability, and are difficult to program except in relatively high level (and inefficient) programming languages.

    Spanish-English dictionary > localización de datos

  • 20 área

    f.
    1 area, surface, surface area.
    2 domain, area, field, realm.
    3 place, locality, region, area.
    4 area, room, space.
    * * *
    (Takes el in sing)
    1 (zona) area, zone
    2 (medida) are
    \
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=zona, superficie) area

    área de castigo — (Dep) penalty area

    área de descanso — (Aut) rest area

    área de gol, área de meta — goal area

    área de penalty — (Dep) penalty area

    área de servicio — (Aut) service area

    2) (Inform)
    3) (=campo)
    4) (=medida) area ( 100 square metres)
    5)

    área metropolitana — metropolitan area, urban district

    área verde — Caribe green area, park area

    * * *
    femenino‡ area
    * * *
    = area, area, field, front, sphere, domain, zone, bit, radius, area, programme area, service area.
    Ex. The area in which standards for bibliographic description have had the most impact is in catalogues and catalogue record data bases.
    Ex. An area is a major section of the entry, comprising data of a particular category or serving a particular function.
    Ex. An appreciation of alternative approaches is particularly important in this field where trends towards standardisation are the norm.
    Ex. Present auguries on the resource front are not good.
    Ex. I am not convinced that people become connoisseurs -- experts: educated and discriminating people in any sphere -- from limited knowledge and experience, no matter how rich in quality.
    Ex. The CRONOS data bank includes a FISH domain, with data on catches and fleet statistics, and the COMEXT data bank covers the external trade statistics of fisheries.
    Ex. But now the traditional industrial zone is declining and a new 'technopolis' is proposed for the area.
    Ex. The assistant in charge of a section will see that their bit is kept tidy and will keep an eye open for thieves.
    Ex. The fact that the library can only attract people within a relatively small radius means that it has no alternative but to serve whoever lives -- or works -- in that radius.
    Ex. Libraries usually arrange separate areas where current periodicals, maps, government publications, early printed books and manuscripts are housed.
    Ex. Now that financial stringencies were the order of the day, libraries had to compete with the more pressing needs of other programme areas, like education, social services, and housing, for dwindling resources.
    Ex. The study examined the relative use of different service areas of the library = El estudio analizó al uso relativo de las diferentes zonas de la biblioteca.
    ----
    * análisis de áreas del conocimiento = domain analysis.
    * área chica, el = six-yard box, the.
    * área clave = key area.
    * área de acción = remit.
    * área de actuación = area for action, area of policy, policy area.
    * área de aplicación comercial = niche.
    * área de aterrizaje = landing site, landing area.
    * área de comunicación = communications area.
    * área de conocimiento = area of study.
    * área de conservación del patrimonio = heritage field.
    * área de datos específicos de la clase de documento = material (or type of publication) specific details area.
    * área de datos matemáticos = mathematical data area.
    * área de descanso = rest area, rest stop, lay-by.
    * área de descripción = area of description.
    * área de descripción física = physical description area.
    * área de edición = edition area.
    * área de ejemplar = copy area.
    * área de encabezamiento = header area.
    * área de especialización = niche, area of competence.
    * área de estudio = study area, study area.
    * área de formación = teaching unit.
    * área de influencia = remit.
    * área de información = communications area.
    * área de interés = field of interest.
    * área de la biblioteconomía = library field.
    * área del conocimiento = area of knowledge, discipline, subject field, field of activity, knowledge domain, discipline of knowledge.
    * área de lectura = reading floor.
    * área del número normalizado y de las condiciones de adquisición = International Standard Book Number and terms of availability area, standard number and terms of availability area.
    * área de notas = note area.
    * área de numeración de la ficha = card counter area.
    * área de préstamo = checkout area.
    * área de publicación = publication, distribution etc. area.
    * area de publicación o distribución = imprint.
    * área de serie = series area, series statement area.
    * área de signatura topográfica = shelf list area.
    * área de título y de mención de responsabilidad = title and statement of responsibility area.
    * área en desarrollo = growth area.
    * área específica = niche.
    * área flotante del programa = transient program area (TPA).
    * área geográfica = geographical area.
    * área marginada = deprived area.
    * area menos favorecida = less favoured area.
    * área metropolitana = metropolitan area, metro area.
    * área metropolitana de Londres, el = Greater London.
    * área rural = rural region.
    * área temática = subject area, subject field, topic area.
    * area temática específica = narrow subject area.
    * área urbana = urban area.
    * área útil = floor area, floor space.
    * bibliógrafo especializado en un área temática = area bibliographer.
    * conocimiento de un área temática = area knowledge.
    * empleado de línea aérea = airline official.
    * en el área de + Lugar = Lugar + area.
    * en las áreas de = in the areas of.
    * especializado en un área temática = domain-specific.
    * examen de área = area scanning.
    * particular a un área = localised [localized, -USA].
    * trabajador en el área de cultura = cultural worker.
    * WAN (red de área amplia) = WAN (wide area network).
    * * *
    femenino‡ area
    * * *
    = area, area, field, front, sphere, domain, zone, bit, radius, area, programme area, service area.

    Ex: The area in which standards for bibliographic description have had the most impact is in catalogues and catalogue record data bases.

    Ex: An area is a major section of the entry, comprising data of a particular category or serving a particular function.
    Ex: An appreciation of alternative approaches is particularly important in this field where trends towards standardisation are the norm.
    Ex: Present auguries on the resource front are not good.
    Ex: I am not convinced that people become connoisseurs -- experts: educated and discriminating people in any sphere -- from limited knowledge and experience, no matter how rich in quality.
    Ex: The CRONOS data bank includes a FISH domain, with data on catches and fleet statistics, and the COMEXT data bank covers the external trade statistics of fisheries.
    Ex: But now the traditional industrial zone is declining and a new 'technopolis' is proposed for the area.
    Ex: The assistant in charge of a section will see that their bit is kept tidy and will keep an eye open for thieves.
    Ex: The fact that the library can only attract people within a relatively small radius means that it has no alternative but to serve whoever lives -- or works -- in that radius.
    Ex: Libraries usually arrange separate areas where current periodicals, maps, government publications, early printed books and manuscripts are housed.
    Ex: Now that financial stringencies were the order of the day, libraries had to compete with the more pressing needs of other programme areas, like education, social services, and housing, for dwindling resources.
    Ex: The study examined the relative use of different service areas of the library = El estudio analizó al uso relativo de las diferentes zonas de la biblioteca.
    * análisis de áreas del conocimiento = domain analysis.
    * área chica, el = six-yard box, the.
    * área clave = key area.
    * área de acción = remit.
    * área de actuación = area for action, area of policy, policy area.
    * área de aplicación comercial = niche.
    * área de aterrizaje = landing site, landing area.
    * área de comunicación = communications area.
    * área de conocimiento = area of study.
    * área de conservación del patrimonio = heritage field.
    * área de datos específicos de la clase de documento = material (or type of publication) specific details area.
    * área de datos matemáticos = mathematical data area.
    * área de descanso = rest area, rest stop, lay-by.
    * área de descripción = area of description.
    * área de descripción física = physical description area.
    * área de edición = edition area.
    * área de ejemplar = copy area.
    * área de encabezamiento = header area.
    * área de especialización = niche, area of competence.
    * área de estudio = study area, study area.
    * área de formación = teaching unit.
    * área de influencia = remit.
    * área de información = communications area.
    * área de interés = field of interest.
    * área de la biblioteconomía = library field.
    * área del conocimiento = area of knowledge, discipline, subject field, field of activity, knowledge domain, discipline of knowledge.
    * área de lectura = reading floor.
    * área del número normalizado y de las condiciones de adquisición = International Standard Book Number and terms of availability area, standard number and terms of availability area.
    * área de notas = note area.
    * área de numeración de la ficha = card counter area.
    * área de préstamo = checkout area.
    * área de publicación = publication, distribution etc. area.
    * area de publicación o distribución = imprint.
    * área de serie = series area, series statement area.
    * área de signatura topográfica = shelf list area.
    * área de título y de mención de responsabilidad = title and statement of responsibility area.
    * área en desarrollo = growth area.
    * área específica = niche.
    * área flotante del programa = transient program area (TPA).
    * área geográfica = geographical area.
    * área marginada = deprived area.
    * area menos favorecida = less favoured area.
    * área metropolitana = metropolitan area, metro area.
    * área metropolitana de Londres, el = Greater London.
    * área rural = rural region.
    * área temática = subject area, subject field, topic area.
    * area temática específica = narrow subject area.
    * área urbana = urban area.
    * área útil = floor area, floor space.
    * bibliógrafo especializado en un área temática = area bibliographer.
    * conocimiento de un área temática = area knowledge.
    * empleado de línea aérea = airline official.
    * en el área de + Lugar = Lugar + area.
    * en las áreas de = in the areas of.
    * especializado en un área temática = domain-specific.
    * examen de área = area scanning.
    * particular a un área = localised [localized, -USA].
    * trabajador en el área de cultura = cultural worker.
    * WAN (red de área amplia) = WAN (wide area network).

    * * *
    f‡
    A
    1 ( Mat) area
    2 [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] (medida agraria) area, square dekameter* ( 100m2.)
    B
    1 (zona) area
    las áreas más afectadas por las inundaciones the areas worst affected by the flooding
    2 (campo, ámbito) area
    un área de las ciencias donde ha habido poca investigación an area of science where little research has been carried out
    3 ( Dep) tb
    área de castigo or penalty penalty area
    Compuestos:
    goal area
    rest area o stop ( AmE), lay-by ( BrE)
    service area, services (pl)
    penalty area
    metropolitan area, city
    goal area
    Single Euro Payments Area
    * * *

     

    área feminine noun taking masculine article in the singular
    area;
    área chica or pequeña goal area;

    área de servicio service area, services (pl)
    área sustantivo femenino
    1 (espacio delimitado) area
    área de servicio, service area
    2 (medida de superficie) hundred square metres
    3 (deportes) la falta se produjo dentro del área, the foul was committed inside the penalty area

    ' área' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    alrededor
    - anticiclón
    - antinuclear
    - arrabal
    - arrasar
    - barriada
    - barrio
    - borrasca
    - cabaña
    - capítulo
    - castigo
    - circunscribirse
    - comisionada
    - comisionado
    - concurrida
    - concurrido
    - construcción
    - cuenca
    - deprimida
    - deprimido
    - desarrollo
    - expandir
    - expolio
    - extensión
    - franca
    - franco
    - francófona
    - francófono
    - huerta
    - inmediaciones
    - interfluvio
    - latitud
    - milimétrica
    - milimétrico
    - órbita
    - parcela
    - poblada
    - poblado
    - polígono
    - prefijo
    - propia
    - propio
    - radio
    - rellano
    - sector
    - superficie
    - tendedero
    - trascender
    - triangular
    - vasta
    English:
    area
    - area code
    - belt
    - danger area
    - demonstrate
    - disaster area
    - enter
    - extent
    - grey area
    - industrial area
    - lay-by
    - mark out
    - metropolitan
    - penalty area
    - penalty box
    - province
    - restricted
    - service area
    - unemployment
    - well-known
    - bay
    - brief
    - built
    - canvass
    - catchment area
    - center
    - central
    - comb
    - constituency
    - country
    - cover
    - depot
    - depressed
    - develop
    - development
    - diverse
    - division
    - enclose
    - enlarge
    - extensive
    - field
    - fringe
    - incoming
    - living
    - moor
    - narrow
    - neighborhood
    - nice
    - out
    - over
    * * *
    1. [zona] area
    área de descanso [en carretera] Br lay-by, US rest area; Econ área (del) euro Euro zone; Econ área de libre comercio free trade area;
    área metropolitana metropolitan area;
    área protegida protected area;
    área de servicio [en carretera] service area
    2. [ámbito] area;
    la investigación en áreas como la inteligencia artificial research in areas such as artificial intelligence;
    una carrera del área de Ciencias a university course in a science subject;
    el responsable del área económica del partido the person in charge of the party's economic policy
    3. [medida] are, = 100 square metres
    4. Geom [superficie] area
    5. Dep
    área (de penalty o [m5] castigo) (penalty) area
    área grande eighteen-yard box, penalty area;
    área pequeña six-yard box
    * * *
    f area;
    área de influencia area of influence
    * * *
    área nf
    : area
    * * *
    1. (en general) area
    2. (en fútbol) penalty area

    Spanish-English dictionary > área

Страницы
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